<h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Chemistry</span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Chemistry is the scientific discipline that studies the properties and behavior of matter. It is concerned with the atomic and molecular structure of substances, their composition and the changes they undergo during reactions. Chemists use a variety of tools and techniques to study and manipulate matter, including chemical reactions, spectroscopy, and crystallography. The study of chemistry has applications in many fields, including medicine, materials science, environmental science, and energy production.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Branches Of Chemistry </span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">There are several branches of chemistry, each of which focuses on a specific aspect of the field. Here are a few examples:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Organic chemistry: This branch of chemistry deals with the study of carbon-containing compounds, including their synthesis, structure, and properties.</span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Inorganic chemistry: This branch of chemistry focuses on the study of compounds that do not contain carbon, including metals and their compounds.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Physical chemistry: This branch of chemistry combines the principles of physics and chemistry to study the behavior of matter at the atomic and molecular level.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Analytical chemistry: This branch of chemistry involves the development and use of techniques to identify and quantify the chemical components of a sample.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Biochemistry: This branch of chemistry focuses on the chemical processes that occur within living organisms, including the synthesis and metabolism of biomolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Environmental chemistry: This branch of chemistry studies the chemical reactions and processes that occur in the environment, including those that affect air, water, and soil quality.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Materials chemistry: This branch of chemistry deals with the synthesis and characterization of new materials, including metals, ceramics, and polymers.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>

Chemistry Chemistry is the scientific discipline that studies the properties and behavior of matter. It is concerned with the atomic and mol... Read More »

<h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Introduction To Atom</span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. The term "atom" comes from the Greek word for indivisible, because it was once thought that atoms were the smallest things in the universe and could not be divided. However, we now know that atoms are made up of even smaller particles called subatomic particles. These particles are the protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up the structure of an atom.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The protons and neutrons are located in the center of the atom, called the nucleus. The number of protons in an atom's nucleus determines what element it is. For example, all carbon atoms have 6 protons in their nucleus. The number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus can vary, but the number of protons and neutrons combined is called the atomic mass of the element.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The electrons are located in a cloud outside the nucleus and are much lighter than the protons and neutrons. The number of electrons in an atom is usually the same as the number of protons, which gives the atom a net electrical charge of zero. The arrangement of electrons in an atom is called its electron configuration.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The subatomic particles of an atom are held together by the strong nuclear force, which is a fundamental force of nature that acts between the protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The strong nuclear force is what holds the nucleus together and prevents the protons from repelling each other due to their positive charge.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The electrons are attracted to the protons in the nucleus by the electromagnetic force, which is another fundamental force of nature. The electromagnetic force is what gives atoms their chemical properties, as it determines how the electrons are arranged and how they interact with other atoms.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The study of atoms and their subatomic particles is called atomic physics. Atomic physics has played a crucial role in the development of many important technologies, including the development of nuclear weapons, nuclear power, and semiconductor devices.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">One of the key discoveries in atomic physics was the development of quantum mechanics, which is a theory that explains the behavior of subatomic particles. Quantum mechanics allows us to understand how atoms and subatomic particles behave and interact with each other on a very small scale.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Another important discovery in atomic physics was the development of the periodic table of elements. The periodic table is a chart that organizes the elements based on their atomic structure and properties. It allows us to predict the properties of new elements and to understand the chemical behavior of different elements.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In conclusion, atoms are the basic units of matter and are made up of subatomic particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus, while the electrons are located in a cloud outside the nucleus. The study of atoms and their subatomic particles is called atomic physics and has played a crucial role in the development of many important technologies.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Magnetic Properties Of Atom</span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Atoms have magnetic properties due to the presence of unpaired electrons in their outermost energy level, or valence shell. These unpaired electrons give rise to a magnetic moment, which is a measure of the atom's magnetic strength. The direction of the magnetic moment is determined by the orientation of the unpaired electrons' spins.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The magnetic moment of an atom is a result of the combined magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons within it. In most cases, the magnetic moments of the individual unpaired electrons will cancel each other out, resulting in a net magnetic moment of zero. However, if the number of unpaired electrons is odd, the magnetic moments will not cancel out completely, resulting in a net magnetic moment.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The magnitude of an atom's magnetic moment is determined by the number and arrangement of its unpaired electrons. Atoms with more unpaired electrons will have a larger magnetic moment, while atoms with fewer unpaired electrons will have a smaller magnetic moment. The arrangement of the unpaired electrons can also affect the magnitude of the magnetic moment. For example, if the unpaired electrons are arranged in a way that their magnetic moments are aligned, the overall magnetic moment of the atom will be stronger.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Atoms can be classified as paramagnetic or diamagnetic based on their magnetic properties. Paramagnetic atoms have unpaired electrons and are attracted to a magnetic field, while diamagnetic atoms do not have unpaired electrons and are not attracted to a magnetic field.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The magnetic properties of atoms can be used to understand the chemical behavior of elements and compounds. For example, paramagnetic atoms can be used to study the structures of molecules and how they interact with each other. The magnetic properties of atoms can also be used to understand the behavior of materials, such as how they respond to a magnetic field or how they can be used in magnetic storage devices.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In conclusion, atoms have magnetic properties due to the presence of unpaired electrons in their outermost energy level. The magnitude of an atom's magnetic moment is determined by the number and arrangement of its unpaired electrons, and atoms can be classified as paramagnetic or diamagnetic based on their magnetic properties. The magnetic properties of atoms can be used to understand the chemical behavior of elements and compounds and the behavior of materials.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Valency Of An Atom</span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Valency is a measure of an atom's ability to combine with other atoms to form chemical compounds. It is determined by the number of electrons in the outermost energy level, or valence shell, of the atom. Atoms with a full valence shell are stable and are less likely to react with other atoms, while atoms with an incomplete valence shell are more reactive and are more likely to form chemical bonds with other atoms in order to achieve stability.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The valency of an atom is related to its electron configuration, which is the arrangement of electrons in an atom. Atoms with a full valence shell have a stable electron configuration, while atoms with an incomplete valence shell are more reactive because they are seeking to fill their valence shell in order to achieve stability.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The valency of an atom can be determined by the number of electrons in its valence shell and the number of electrons required to fill the valence shell. Atoms with a full valence shell have a valency of zero, while atoms with an incomplete valence shell have a valency equal to the number of electrons needed to fill the valence shell.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The valency of an atom can also be determined by its position on the periodic table of elements. Elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar valency, as they have the same number of valence electrons. For example, the elements in Group 1 have a valency of 1, while the elements in Group 2 have a valency of 2.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The valency of an atom plays a crucial role in determining its chemical behavior. Atoms with a high valency are more reactive and are more likely to form chemical bonds with other atoms in order to achieve stability. The valency of an atom is also important in determining the properties of chemical compounds, as it determines how the atoms are bonded together and how they will behave.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In conclusion, valency is a measure of an atom's ability to combine with other atoms to form chemical compounds. It is determined by the number of electrons in the valence shell of the atom and is related to its electron configuration and position on the periodic table of elements. The valency of an atom plays a crucial role in determining its chemical behavior and the properties of chemical compounds.</span></p>

Introduction To Atom Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. The term "atom" comes from the Gr... Read More »

<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Best Educational Apps for Kids</span></h2><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Khan Academy Kids</span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Khan Academy Kids is a platform for Kids 2 – 8 years old. It is an award-winning app Design for kids for early childhood development. It works and improves the skills in math, reading, phonics, writing, social-emotional development, and more. It has many lessons, exercises, games, and novels that are suitable for preschoolers to junior high. Your kids will enjoy jumping, dancing, and letting their wiggles out thanks to the appealing melodies and yoga classes of this app. </span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">You will see the following content on this app.</span></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">New original books</span></h4><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• 15 brand-new books instruct young readers in critical abilities including empathy, self-assurance, problem-solving, and respect for many cultures and viewpoints.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Different backgrounds, cultures, abilities, nationalities, and family systems are represented by the children in our stories.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Content that has won awards includes the Parents' Choice Foundation Gold Award, the Editors' Choice Award for Excellence in Design from Children's Technology Review, and the Commonsense Media 5-star Educational Value and 5-star Ease of Play ratings.</span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Reliable curriculum</span></h4><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Phonics, letters, spelling, and comprehension for reading and literature</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Language: words and speech patterns</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Math, including measurement, shapes, counting, addition, and subtraction</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Logic and executive function, including problem-solving, memory, and attention</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Experience a personalized learning</span></h4><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Children study freely in the library, a collection of games, books, and movies. Children can read books on their own or follow along with recorded audio narration. Adaptive learning paths allow each child to learn at their own speed.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Children are encouraged to think critically and learn via the use of five wacky characters in these pedagogical games and exercises.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Physical and emotional growth</span></h4><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Creative expression via painting, storytelling, and coloring.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Social-emotional skills—relationships, restraint, and empathy</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Created by a team of experts </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Developed in consultation with specialists at the Stanford Graduate School of Education</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> • Complies with the Common Core Curriculum Standards and the Head Start Early Education Objectives Model</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDQL0wmbbfLycq0PiMYHAUQviDbRklOg4qSOq0BnS7hq8xiH0UkGauye8AyDnx14QdFO_FwindGOhOIcq_XH5H622jydkKbnhZQsvlnGjlJBu34Hizod_WG1qXIz89Os6hgoJF-MEEt_cbqzWWnOFowY_J1AjSV-hjXxFc6IIMPJ8QjmLmCO16u6Ir/s1024/Khan%20Academy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDQL0wmbbfLycq0PiMYHAUQviDbRklOg4qSOq0BnS7hq8xiH0UkGauye8AyDnx14QdFO_FwindGOhOIcq_XH5H622jydkKbnhZQsvlnGjlJBu34Hizod_WG1qXIz89Os6hgoJF-MEEt_cbqzWWnOFowY_J1AjSV-hjXxFc6IIMPJ8QjmLmCO16u6Ir/s320/Khan%20Academy.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /></span><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Duolingo</span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Duolingo is thought to be the best language learning app for all kind of age groups. It is rated 5 stars on the google play store, Google play store, the wall street Journal, the New York times, Time magazine, Forbes have considered it to be the best learning app. Duolingo was released on May 29, 2013, and till now it has almost 100,000,000+ downloads which has a version of 5.80.4. you can buy the app on $0.99 - $149.99 per item and it has also some free features. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Duolingo can enable you get ready for actual conversations in Spanish, French, Chinese, Italian, German, and it has more than 40 languages. It was created by language professionals and is beloved by hundreds of millions of language learners worldwide. Duolingo is entertaining and useful. You may develop strong speaking, reading, listening, and writing abilities by using entertaining characters and game-like courses.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn_Zz_aAOos-x8puT_c346Ouf9N9NHztheQD8hUQ7DQDgA0c5sjhxEpUclPb6wJ5ZMfLU4SdK7ter3DFwhyzTWNzSMHKeAC393HtwoSsNwxh3ZopTgA72TDqas2C9Y7YJ4wVNxHltIFj6JKInx60D8aIh67v90Ns6tMKm7F1kioAilom1UVzL0ZEGn/s1024/Duolingo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn_Zz_aAOos-x8puT_c346Ouf9N9NHztheQD8hUQ7DQDgA0c5sjhxEpUclPb6wJ5ZMfLU4SdK7ter3DFwhyzTWNzSMHKeAC393HtwoSsNwxh3ZopTgA72TDqas2C9Y7YJ4wVNxHltIFj6JKInx60D8aIh67v90Ns6tMKm7F1kioAilom1UVzL0ZEGn/s320/Duolingo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Epic</span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Epic is the digital leading learning platform for the kid up to the age of the 12. Our engaging, kid-safe, interesting learning software encourages curiosity and reading self-assurance by allowing children to independently discover their passions and giving them fast, 24/7 access to a library of thousands of books, audiobooks, educational films, and much more. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It has almost 5,000,000+ downloads with a version of 3.78.0. Epic app was first released on May 21, 2015. You may register a maximum of four unique kid accounts for $9.99 per month or $79.99 per year and You may withdraw at any moment.</span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Epic app gives you the following features.</span></h4><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">40,000+ well-known, excellent books to encourage reading and learning wherever they are.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Thousands of entertaining, active learning courses.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Audiobooks, Read-To-Me books, tests, and novels in Spanish, French, and Chinese.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Customized suggestions based on reading proficiency and interests.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Constant internet access as well as offline access for reading while on the go.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Weekly progress emails and in-app progress monitoring.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Rewarding them with badges to which keeps the kid motivated.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfvj-2ihUXLELnWNPoQ-5JoJtIo6NwBzZKllqLEdoyqR58WUgwzsV_wl9677XBHI27HKFxhs4o3Cw2TMInqJtqXhoK2_-GoHyrQ2mOiHBogPeu1LYOy4Gf0jwIrMj5aMAUDcEGwS-r1W6IXDMNhP3jcw8x--IxQ44OjrUjJ6gmOT252LWMZCvJFcsi/s1024/Epic.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfvj-2ihUXLELnWNPoQ-5JoJtIo6NwBzZKllqLEdoyqR58WUgwzsV_wl9677XBHI27HKFxhs4o3Cw2TMInqJtqXhoK2_-GoHyrQ2mOiHBogPeu1LYOy4Gf0jwIrMj5aMAUDcEGwS-r1W6IXDMNhP3jcw8x--IxQ44OjrUjJ6gmOT252LWMZCvJFcsi/s320/Epic.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">PBS Kids</span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Kids and parents may access hundreds of free episodes, like entire episodes and excerpts from popular PBS KIDS shows, through the PBS KIDS Video app. Kids may enjoy their favourite PBS KIDS shows wherever they are, anytime, with this app! Children between the ages of 2 and 8 may acquire lifelong lessons with the aid of PBS KIDS, the top brand in educational programming for kids.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">PBS app has almost 10,000,000+ downloads with a version of 5.8.1. It was first released on Jun 24, 2014.</span></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">PBS app gives us the following features.</span></h4><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Enjoy 400+ free complete episodes of more than 35 PBS KIDS program, livestream TV, or view more than 5,000+ snippets from kid-friendly program.  You can also download the videos and watch them offline it has also on-demand entertainment for learning.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2qz1WmHPc_KdtJ50H48uxRz90O7Ad-htwiZBfkdvL8jp8UN3bTpJUnCjZFtZQyA11HtFscfjQ81pR_3DIfoUJls212WjHHG2CH7tL4BJ8HU09vUUP3XOVmVWrH7OfUwA8vsfSUXQkh0bktIR5TE9nshGoSoJV0BLXQDSYVPR9CA2jCBSFyWZ09CJL/s1024/PBS%20kids%20App.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2qz1WmHPc_KdtJ50H48uxRz90O7Ad-htwiZBfkdvL8jp8UN3bTpJUnCjZFtZQyA11HtFscfjQ81pR_3DIfoUJls212WjHHG2CH7tL4BJ8HU09vUUP3XOVmVWrH7OfUwA8vsfSUXQkh0bktIR5TE9nshGoSoJV0BLXQDSYVPR9CA2jCBSFyWZ09CJL/s320/PBS%20kids%20App.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Prodigy Games</span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Considering the Mathematics problem faced by the student’s prodigy app was released on the Jun 8, 2018, to help them to better understand the mathematical phenomena. With a version of 4.0.6 prodigy app has more than 5,000,000+ downloads. Its free as well it is paid $64.99 per item. More than million instructors and 50 million students across the world enjoy the mathematical game Prodigy, which uses game-based learning to modernize the schooling system.</span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Prodigy games app offers the following features<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></h4><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Content is adapted to each player's advantages and disadvantages</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Prodigy is constantly tied to the classroom since math problems are completely matched with state-level curricula, including Common Core and TEKS.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">The 1,400 accessible abilities provide students the opportunity to continue learning and developing.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ZbqMZUnSOJPMIrrhGNrpcgS3d6cuHb-ys98PuIFbKbZKgMjVyrOwPmtjMXit735wn1FbmvXrZXc8rOTGMWyjSmFJatj6vOguGMqYvLPB-yZbBpjeKTkYAiTqcaAyKnJ-FxVBkN3bZwBeZC6X0I_rDwN2cD6FRTnXopc_1InIRg0BcXQsfMdwZk0e/s1024/Prodigy%20Games.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ZbqMZUnSOJPMIrrhGNrpcgS3d6cuHb-ys98PuIFbKbZKgMjVyrOwPmtjMXit735wn1FbmvXrZXc8rOTGMWyjSmFJatj6vOguGMqYvLPB-yZbBpjeKTkYAiTqcaAyKnJ-FxVBkN3bZwBeZC6X0I_rDwN2cD6FRTnXopc_1InIRg0BcXQsfMdwZk0e/s320/Prodigy%20Games.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">YouTube Kids</span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> You Tube kid app which is offered by Google LLC was released on Feb 23, 2015, since then it has crossed 100,000,000+ downloads. It offers a safer learning environment for the kids which is free of cost. It has a customized setting for the parents to control the activity of the kid and has thousands of videos for every age of the kids. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">YouTube Kids has been developed to provide children with a more secure atmosphere full of kid-friendly videos on a variety of subjects, kindling their inner creativity and playfulness. As your children travel and find new and fascinating hobbies, parents and caregivers may help them along the road.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Create up to eight kid accounts, each with its own settings, video suggestions, and watching preferences. Select the "Approved Content Only" setting or your child's appropriate age group, such as "Preschool," "Younger," or "Older."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHpoKjLsEKids4Gw4z6ecTEJmTALIT7QmRlTPhlxTCpfd6rkMD6Kv7E4gLSSd0JS8zwdpQUSQ3kj0u1kzxNC_fyc6dHGJU4FTWOu8DTgwuJxKRJpZGGbgPW-d45DV07Fz3vNnw36MMZtMxr10q4zlYpb6pcqO9gnquiEKj99J3Mu1DgGtmEHuaP4Kc/s2245/YOYTUBE%20KID%20APP%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2245" data-original-width="1587" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHpoKjLsEKids4Gw4z6ecTEJmTALIT7QmRlTPhlxTCpfd6rkMD6Kv7E4gLSSd0JS8zwdpQUSQ3kj0u1kzxNC_fyc6dHGJU4FTWOu8DTgwuJxKRJpZGGbgPW-d45DV07Fz3vNnw36MMZtMxr10q4zlYpb6pcqO9gnquiEKj99J3Mu1DgGtmEHuaP4Kc/s320/YOYTUBE%20KID%20APP%20(1).jpg" width="226" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>

Best Educational Apps for Kids Khan Academy Kids Khan Academy Kids is a platform for Kids 2 – 8 years old. It is an award-winning app Design... Read More »

<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Busy Shapes App for Kids</span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Busy shapes and colours were founded by the EDOKI ACADEMY where they have put the classroom experience into the digital world. It was created on Aug 31, 2017, and since then it has received almost 100,000+ downloads around the globe from different corners. Its in-app purchase price is $3.99 per item with a version of 1.6.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The gameplay in Busy Shapes & Colors is straightforward, ideal for babies, and created expressly to improve their fine motor abilities which will enhance their mental health as well. Children will face obstacles as they go through the stages, maintaining their level of interest and involvement. For instance, the skill and speed required increase when the forms have amusing consequences. It has also won many awards for its user-friendly features.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Busy shape and colour App offers the following features:</span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">It contains more than 150 levels</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">You can also experience multitouch play</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">It has four play modes like colours, shapes, colours & shapes, and focus mode.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">A total of 121 combinations like 11 shapes and 11 colours.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Different graphical effects such as moving and disappearing of the shapes.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Adorable penguins.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">15 different languages.</span></li></ol><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijM-9nGlG0oshB6JalnU4MwM532LVg6dOfZd-d9N1inS8d4CVvlXqpsvYPTkphZjWjEAfFl7GdDN5lpucZbJoT6Z1cGbXUdw_UKuQVCoqTpePT2GgFAEH8vJSqhoyH_yKfbUGC3lInTXErqxKy83dyngXm5g-nYzB1GSR-_c6WR4mDlJCUNdXJv3NZ/s1024/BUSY%20SHAPES.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijM-9nGlG0oshB6JalnU4MwM532LVg6dOfZd-d9N1inS8d4CVvlXqpsvYPTkphZjWjEAfFl7GdDN5lpucZbJoT6Z1cGbXUdw_UKuQVCoqTpePT2GgFAEH8vJSqhoyH_yKfbUGC3lInTXErqxKy83dyngXm5g-nYzB1GSR-_c6WR4mDlJCUNdXJv3NZ/s320/BUSY%20SHAPES.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">ABCmouse App for Kids</span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">ABCmouse app was released on Mar 6, 2014, since then it has grown in its popularity and has 10,000,000+ downloads around the globe. With a version of 8.48.0, the in-app price ranges from $9.95 - $79.99 per item. It is specifically designed for the age group of 2-8, and the curriculum mainly focuses on the mathematical and reading skills of the age group.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">ABCmouse also covers, arithmetic, art, music, and more. It offers more than 10,000 engaging Learning Activities for kids of all academic levels and was developed by highly qualified educators and instructors.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">ABCmouse App offers the following features:</span></h3><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">The high standard curriculum for electronic-based learning.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Specialized in early childhood development.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">It is being used by more than 70,000 classrooms across the United States.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Ten levels, more than 850 lessons, and more than 10,000 different learning activities.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Specialized subjects and courses for every age bracket.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">It will develop Mathematical and reading skills from a very young age.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">It also covers science, social studies, art, and music.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">countless books, movies, games, puzzles, downloadable activities, music, and animations available are also part of it.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">About 900 books and activities in Spanish.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Customized pets and wild animals feature to make learning more interesting.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">It is easy to use.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">You can also track and monitor the progress.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">It has won Mom’s Choice GOLD, Teachers’ Choice, and Parents’ Choice GOLD Awards and many more.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">It makes sure the safety of your kid.</span></li></ol><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJyI6wc7EYpCF9ETb8_-XCscDcAecaA9Cc-RlLH9N0-Ld20dVJX5-eH0pCpujVfrDEqjo2sicthohaWSFgcgAbuQT5bYtvAoXfWeeE06umxd4AziKN5O06AF7qWJgNle5IObqnt5H7a7eqevBYKACTLiTiNmTtq_Kq98TvH_xpU1hKgGgSLMsCr3bS/s1024/ABC%20MOUSE.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJyI6wc7EYpCF9ETb8_-XCscDcAecaA9Cc-RlLH9N0-Ld20dVJX5-eH0pCpujVfrDEqjo2sicthohaWSFgcgAbuQT5bYtvAoXfWeeE06umxd4AziKN5O06AF7qWJgNle5IObqnt5H7a7eqevBYKACTLiTiNmTtq_Kq98TvH_xpU1hKgGgSLMsCr3bS/s320/ABC%20MOUSE.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Google Arts and Culture App for Kids and Adults</span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Google Arts and Culture app was released on Nov 30, 2015, and from then it has seen 10,000,000+ downloads with a version of 9.2.22. Google's art and culture app has covered folk tales and stories of 20000 cultural institutions from 80 different countries around the globe.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">From performing arts, Nasa stories, and heritage it covers every field. Beautiful animations to the class pictures of the cosmos the kids will find fascinating. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The following are the key features of the Google Art and Culture App:</span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Perfect displays which are expert-curated with guided tours.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Selecting Preferences then saving and compiling galleries of your favourite works of art to share with friends or learners.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Keeps you updated about exhibitions and museums nearby you.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">You can also translate the content of the app into your language.</span></li></ol><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQnr34LsFqPDHUGGEV4r7h-pFWIbIFQnDA_0XVG-S5VpszvnjWLskte0xJvSFFLbqKm39hga2ip8K0CY8n_FqI81x1GR4BzieVxh8FDEpG1gGM3lfNaaRGHYpi9574rX_zF_KpRiWrO_Pqkivzpbk0JdeC0xgGoYIMgXQyFaRiZ_2j7CLeO_Ly98lA/s1024/Google%20Arts%20&%20culture.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQnr34LsFqPDHUGGEV4r7h-pFWIbIFQnDA_0XVG-S5VpszvnjWLskte0xJvSFFLbqKm39hga2ip8K0CY8n_FqI81x1GR4BzieVxh8FDEpG1gGM3lfNaaRGHYpi9574rX_zF_KpRiWrO_Pqkivzpbk0JdeC0xgGoYIMgXQyFaRiZ_2j7CLeO_Ly98lA/s320/Google%20Arts%20&%20culture.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Baby phone App for Kids</span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The baby phone app is made for kids of 6 months and up to learn numerals, sounds of animals, nursery rhymes, lullabies and musical notes while playing the games. It’s like a phone inside a phone where the kids would love to listen to every rhythm.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It was released on Aug 10, 2015, with a version of 1.2.5, It requires an android of 7.1 and up since then, it has received 10,000,000+ downloads across the globe. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Children will experience the following things on the screen of the Baby Phone App:</span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Animals (squirrels, cows, roosters, cats, dogs, goats, frogs etc)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Numbers </span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">English numerals </span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Musical Notes and rhythms (It will make different sounds when your kid touches the screen)</span></li></ol><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdmwFJ5gPzCfzj89gT6UtHHnpv_IQScAHKuPLFJ32BYvZwuBGUajxk9eU4x0AB0oqaau5VPUnuV_Z2p3GvJBeJTvWMMLVNkV23G2zG3ydTVRBpFNQnU1edCCwCz31rcsBJYU-dygs-MMpFOqMEKPTMM2k0UkVckAv1tLxJdgXx5PS1NAfKuJydMUqG/s1024/BABY%20Phone%20App.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdmwFJ5gPzCfzj89gT6UtHHnpv_IQScAHKuPLFJ32BYvZwuBGUajxk9eU4x0AB0oqaau5VPUnuV_Z2p3GvJBeJTvWMMLVNkV23G2zG3ydTVRBpFNQnU1edCCwCz31rcsBJYU-dygs-MMpFOqMEKPTMM2k0UkVckAv1tLxJdgXx5PS1NAfKuJydMUqG/s320/BABY%20Phone%20App.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p>

Busy Shapes App for Kids Busy shapes and colours were founded by the EDOKI ACADEMY where they have put the classroom experience into the dig... Read More »

<h1 style="background: rgb(238, 236, 225); line-height: 150%; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Narcotics</span></b></h1><div><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div> <h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Introduction to Narcotics</span></b></h1><div><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Narcotics</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> are chemicals that are used for the treatment or prevention of diseases. They are strong painkillers and are widely known to be addictive drugs: commonly harmed narcotics include heroin, morphine,</span> <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">phentermine narcotic, methadone, Codeine and Hydromorphone. These chemicals are highly habit-forming and can be abused or misused.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The drugs are often approved in combination with other less effective painkillers (paracetamol or aspirin). These are used to relieve pain for patients with never-ending diseases like cancer. These are also used to relieve acute pain after operations. But some people may abuse narcotics for the delighted effect that’s why its use is highly restricted by the government.  </span> <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnaigkkIzZWWCNP6q5tnYdeA4leHxb0zQOG-a-FHOOmtMHi8pOmflkULFBQMFbye8SlByDkSJ5FeWN2ED71JtNDKA3K_rg_YlOhu2J5TzawnW-Tj4JKgJTSzcJlW0pNovojZm4kfLkbZ_AaWEjw9VtJO4mUkDwtq7X1S7pQDYTbMyfI796GK64Fks_/s1024/Narcotics%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnaigkkIzZWWCNP6q5tnYdeA4leHxb0zQOG-a-FHOOmtMHi8pOmflkULFBQMFbye8SlByDkSJ5FeWN2ED71JtNDKA3K_rg_YlOhu2J5TzawnW-Tj4JKgJTSzcJlW0pNovojZm4kfLkbZ_AaWEjw9VtJO4mUkDwtq7X1S7pQDYTbMyfI796GK64Fks_/s320/Narcotics%20(1).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Morphine and codeine are narcotics, derived from opium (poppy). Morphine acts directly on the central nervous system to relieve pain. Morphine has a high potential for infatuation. The most harmed narcotics i.e., heroin is a semi-synthetic drug from morphine. It affects the central nervous system and causes sleepiness.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In the US, the term "narcotic" has emerged to be associated with opiates and opioids, most popularly morphine and heroine, as well as derivatives of the numerous chemicals present inside this unrefined opium latex. The word "narcotic," which derives from the ancient Greek "to make insensitive," typically refers medically to any psychoactive substance with dulling or paralyzing properties. The three main substances commonly used are morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Although thebaine is only minimally psychoactive on its own, it serves as the progenitor for the bulk of semi-synthetic opioids like oxycodone and hydrocodone. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">According to the law, the word "narcotic" can be broadly described as having a bad implication. A narcotic drug, including heroin, or one that is used abusively is completely forbidden and when used it should legally satisfy laws in the United States.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The phrase has a more precise definition and is not typically associated with harm in the medical world. In the United States, federal law classifies both cocaine and amphetamines as (agenda) drugs; however, even though cocaine, apart from amphetamine, is classified as a narcotic, the consequence for possession of cocaine is greater than the punishment for possession of amphetamine. This is because cocaine, unlike amphetamine, is categorized as a narcotic.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Sources of the Narcotics      </span></b></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The main source of the narcotic drug is the opium poppy plant, its unripe seeds are used to extract the medicine. </span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">    </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">               <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Narcotic disambiguation </span></b></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Narcotics refers to medical or psychoactive compounds with sleep-inducing properties. In the United States, it has become related to opiates and opioids, commonly morphine and heroin, as well as derivatives of many of the compounds found within opium latex.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Narcotics Anonymous or NA, nonprofit fellowship or society of men and women for who drugs had become a major problem. </span></b></h3> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Codeine<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Fentanyl-available as an area<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Hydro morphine<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Meperiddine<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Oxycodiene<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Tramantol<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Narcotic and non-narcotics Analgesics</span></b></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Narcotics and non-narcotics analgesics Faraza Jawed M-Phil pharmacology and analgesics, narcotics, or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to accomplish analgesia- relief from pain. Major classes of analgesic drugs; are opioids, NSAIDs, acetaminophen/PCM, flupirtine, and ziconotide.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Narcotics analgesic/opioids narcotic analgesics are drugs that relieve pain, by necessary opioid receptors, which are present in the central peripheral nervous system, causing a lack of feeling and carrying on a state of unconsciousness.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Classified into natural compounds: morphine, codeine papaverine semi-synthetic: diacetylmorphine (Heroine), benzyl morphine and ethyl morphine synthetic derivatives: fentanyl, pethidine, and methadone, tramadol, and propoxyphene loperamide, an opiate that does not enter the brain and therefor lacks analgesic activities.  <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Mechanism of action all opioid receptors are G-protein attached receptors and in tendency adenylate cyclase. They are also mixed up in postsynaptic hyperpolarization (increasing K+ efflux) reduction presynaptic Ca++ influx thus inhibiting neuronal activity. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Opioid receptors all opioid receptors are associated with G-proteins to inhibit the opening of calcium channels (inhabiting released transmitters). there are four types of receptors. U- receptors are responsible for most analgesic effects of opioids, and for some major unnecessary effects </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">K-receptor contributes to analgesia at the spinal level and may extract sedation and dysphoria but produce fairly few unwanted effects and do not donate to self-reliance. </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Gamma-receptors are most likely more important in the side-line and may also donate to analgesia.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Alpha-receptors are not true opioid receptors it is unclear what delta is responsible for, but many adjust receptors' activity.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJWJ-lyT-ejH4WuoWCHQuYy4zVBBv0ln1RbFEjjhb4eNpy5tO9-9_hzYgJmx6XGEtJt4EvQfAAVTuq1_YrGlT9RpkxguoEtc8cDeifsGVYD6zWhF_8FjY-JrRwTGtjaT6zQK12_8OpA4g3ezwSy_oMipji91quXDfiuWfyY12EqR_zKgwm79lQRgc1/s1024/Narcotic%20drugs%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJWJ-lyT-ejH4WuoWCHQuYy4zVBBv0ln1RbFEjjhb4eNpy5tO9-9_hzYgJmx6XGEtJt4EvQfAAVTuq1_YrGlT9RpkxguoEtc8cDeifsGVYD6zWhF_8FjY-JrRwTGtjaT6zQK12_8OpA4g3ezwSy_oMipji91quXDfiuWfyY12EqR_zKgwm79lQRgc1/s320/Narcotic%20drugs%20(1).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span><p></p> <h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Advantages and Disadvantages of Narcotic </span></b></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">overdose can cause poison i.e., respiratory depression causes dryness of mouth, mental clouding, vomiting, headache, fatigue, dizziness, Itching, chest pain, abnormal heartbeat, and constipation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Methadone is a synthetic drug and is an orally effective opioid that is something equal in efficiency to morphine but induces less euphoria and has a longer interval of action. Methadone is readily fascinated following oral organization. The drug is bio-transformed in the liver and is excreted in the urine, mainly as motionless metabolites. Adverse effects: methadone can produce physical reliance like that of morphine.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">It is now believed that this careful self-consciousness of the enzyme COX-3 in the brain and spinal cord explains the efficiency of paracetamol in relieving pain and reducing fever without having unwanted gastrointestinal side effects of paracetamol at a molecular level is unclear but there is a general suggestion that the analgesic effect of descending serotonergic pathway it is a most important side of action may still be self-consciousness of PG synthesis. Useful in kind to logical pain like headache, pyrexia, myalgia etc. in case of patients allergic to aspirin patient with haemophilia. Patients with PUD (peptide ulcer disease) are patients who are taking other uricosuric drugs (salicylate competes with the uric acid in tubular secretion).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Flupirtine is a centrally acting, non-opioid analgesic that is available in several European countries for the handling of a mixture of pain states. Flupirtine acts indirectly NMDA receptor antagonist by activation of K+ channels. The establishment of these channels leads to hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane and the neuron becomes less impulsive: thus, there is the stabilization of the resting neuronal membrane.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ziconotide is a non-narcotic pain reliever that is used to treat and dissolve chronic pains in people who cannot use or do not take action on average pain-relieving medication. This action inhibits the release of nociceptive neurochemicals like glutamate and substance P in the brain and spinal cord, resulting in pain relief. In humans, a spinal mixture of prelate produces considerable pain relief in patients with intractable pain connected with cancer, AIDS and in some neuropathic pain conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Properties of Narcotics</span></b></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Drug-like properties are defined by Sugiyama as the physiochemical properties (such as solubility, stability, etc.) and biological characteristics that are reliable with good clinical performance. According to the research result of Lipinski et. The term drug-like compound refers to those compounds with acceptable ADME/TOX properties, and able to survive phase clinical trials.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Burckhardt critical out that the responsibility of medicinal chemists is not only to optimize the benefits of the anti-infective drug and anti-infective drugs and anti-cancer drugs: the best R-value internals of nominee drugs are in the range of 0.05 -0.50 and R-value OF Candidate CNS drugs should be as a small as possible in this time. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">we developed that the three chemical structure-related crematoria may be applicable in a probable manner for the identification of original candidate drugs and will provide imaginary organization for scheming new chemical entities with a good drug-like property the numbers of some special functional groups and the heavy atoms proportion of 6891 global approval small drugs have been expansively analyzed. we first naked three important structure-related criteria closely related to drug-likeness.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The best number of sweet-smelling and nonromantic rings are 2 and 1 respectively <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The best functional group of candidate drugs are usually OH, COOR, and COOH turn but not CONHOH, SO₃, SH, CHO and, SO₃H. In addition, F functional group is beneficial to anti-infective drugs.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The three factors have considerable potential for the measurement of the drug-like properties of organic molecules.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In many western countries, heroin is prescribed as a strong analgesic under the name of diamorphine. It is used to include treatment of acute pain, such as in severe physical suffering from myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Narcotic Drug addiction associated problems</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Many studies that experts in social sciences proved that there exists a close relationship between drug addiction and crime. The pressure for the narcotic drug makes every drug addict a law violator and a criminal. Mere possession of a narcotic drug is a violation of the law. Thus, every drug addict is subject a capture by the police.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Most narcotic addicts get involved in various types of crime e.g., robbery shoplifting, burglary, embezzlement etc. drug addicts may commit violent crimes since so many become extrasensory patients. The addicts are very weak in their social behaviour. They face social disgrace i.e., society dislikes them because of their impulsive behaviours.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The best way is not to use any kind of narcotic drug without a prescription from the doctor. It is the most legal and safest way of using any narcotic. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BE AWARE, AND STAY SAFE!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Jobs in Narcotics Department<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">For Jobs in the Anti-narcotics department visit your own country's anti-narcotics website and contribute to this noble cause.     <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">References: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ansite, Francie’s Edmund (1895) stimulants and narcotics, their mutual relation: with special research on the action of alcohol, ether, and chloroform on the vital organism.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Julien, Robert primer of drug achievement. 11^th addition, Claire D. Advocaat, Joseph. Comatly,edu. New York: worth publishers 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Mangione mp, matoken: improving pain management communication. How patients understand the terms “opioid” and “narcotic”. Journal of general inner medicine 2008:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">NIH.gov retrieved November 10, 2015<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">OXIFOARD Dictionaries Retrieved November 10, 2015<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Children’s hospital of Philadelphia retrieved November 10, 2015<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Carl B. Schultz (1983). “Note and statement: statutory categorization of cocaine as a narcotic:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.25pt; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">                                             <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">  <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">  <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">  <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">          <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">    <b>            <o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span> </p>

Narcotics Introduction to Narcotics Narcotics  are chemicals that are used for the treatment or prevention of diseases. They are strong pa... Read More »

<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">UV SPECTROSCOPY</span></h2><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Introduction</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">UV Spectroscopy is very widely used technique in labs and in life science life department. Many different experiments to relay on the idea of UV visible Spectroscopy but the first question is why we need this technique than what this technique gives us the answer to that is in any situation we need to find concentration of different substance of different molecule in solution and that we can measure perfectly with UV spectrophotometry. In some case also concentration of cell during the microbiology it also tells us the idea of the two things the wavelength and frequency of that the electromagnetic wave and the frequency of a wave. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1GX1DezeTtuno_onjERIrjyfpsKd6MwJ1n8brZG0Wk175sf2fvqs6O5yM4AugBvF-6-KVT8vHRLn-cGP98p87q1b_2Grg8D05pTaYjjtOXwy1JtEGArhERD5q0qPnSjFLD4BbKzCFNjVjabEDM_D_LuXCzsUWMOdU6TXAMHcebz1YVUZCB5hpLe_i/s1024/UV%20spectrometer.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1GX1DezeTtuno_onjERIrjyfpsKd6MwJ1n8brZG0Wk175sf2fvqs6O5yM4AugBvF-6-KVT8vHRLn-cGP98p87q1b_2Grg8D05pTaYjjtOXwy1JtEGArhERD5q0qPnSjFLD4BbKzCFNjVjabEDM_D_LuXCzsUWMOdU6TXAMHcebz1YVUZCB5hpLe_i/s320/UV%20spectrometer.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">More frequency means more energy and if something has high frequency it will have a lesser or smaller wavelength. So, a very longer wavelength wave will have less frequency and less energy. If we divided this UV visible spectrum into the small part and fraction, we would find out that it is simply ranging from 200 nm to 800 nm that's kind of the range of the UV-visible light.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Although it can be extended to 10-20 nanometer in the wavelength. From 200 to 400nm it is UV range and from 400 to 800nm it belongs to the visible range that we usually use for the UV visible Spectroscopy. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">When we move towards x-ray, gamma ray the wavelength become more smaller and frequency gets higher, and the energy will also be greater. The visible light further can be sub divided into seven different colors. This can be seen when a light ray passes through a water droplet or a prism. That’s why we see a beautiful rainbow after rain. The colors of rainbow or the white light has the following sub colors in ordered form:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Red<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Orange<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Yellow<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Green<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Blue <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Indigo<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->violet<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">If we look at the instrument the filament act as a light source. It also has the separate unit known as the monochromator.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">UV Spectroscopy is an analytical technique that measure the number of different wavelengths of UV or visible light that are absorbed by or transmitted through a sample in comparison to a or reference or blank sample. Every sample has its own lambda max value which we can also find through a graph. The UV can provide information on what is in the sample and the concentration. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Since this Spectroscopy technique works using the light, let's first consider the properties of light. UV Spectroscopy refers to absorption to absorption Spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What is Spectroscopy and how it is use?</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Spectroscopy is the branch of science in which we study about the interaction of light with the matter. UV Spectroscopy is the one of the techniques used to measure how much a chemical reaction absorbs light. This is done by measuring the intensity of light. It is referred to transmit Spectroscopy in part of the ultraviolet and the full near to the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In UV Spectroscopy a sun light travel through a solution in a cuvette with wavelength ranging between 180 and 1100nm. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The sample transmit this UV or visible radiation in the cuvette. Cuvette can be made up of quartz or any other substance. It should be clean while using it, make sure to wash the cuvette with distilled water so that you can observe a clear result. Make sure to test run water at the start before putting a sample in the cuvette. The distilled water line which you get on the computer will act as a standard for you to compare the results or we can say is it will act as a baseline.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Invention of UV Spectroscopy</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In July 1941, it is invented by Arnold Beckman, founder of his eponymous company, introduced his DU UV - vis spectrometer.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Range of UV Spectroscopy</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The UV range extends from 100-400nm and the visible spectrum ranges from 400-700nm. However, most spectrophotometers don not operate in the deep UV range of 100-200nm, as light sources in this range are not economical and difficult to operate.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Uses of UV Spectroscopy</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">UV-Vis Spectroscopy is a quantitative technique used to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light. This is done by measuring the intensity of light that passes through a sample with respect to the intensity of light through a reference sample or blank. It is commonly used technique in many areas of science ranging from bacterial culturing, drug identification and nucleic acid purity unmixed and quantitation, to quality control in the beverage industry and chemical research. Pharmaceutical industries are the most common industries where UV spectrophotometer is being used.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It is a quantitative technique used to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light. This is done by measuring the intensity of light that passes through a sample with respect to the intensity of light through blank reference sample. UV spectroscopy is also used in semiconductor industry to measure the thickness and optical properties of thin film on a wafer. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">UV spectrometers are used to measure the reflectance of light and can be action. UV spectroscopy like fitter is a technique which is useful in finding out the purity of the drug. Many molecules contain chromophores which will absorb specific wavelength of ultraviolet. According to the Beer Lambert Law the absorption of spectra produces from these sample of given wavelength can be related directly to the concentrated to these sample. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The equation of lamber-beer law is as follow:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>A</m:r><m:r> = </m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>ℇ</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>bC</m:r></span></i></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 11.5pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 24.75pt; width: 57.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>where,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A = Absorbance<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">ℇ = Molar absorptivity<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">B = path length<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">C = concentration <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Principle of UV-Vis Spectroscopy</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The principle of UV-Vis Spectroscopy is based on the absorption of ultraviolet light or visible light by chemical compounds, which result in the production of different spectra. Spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter. As a result of absorption of electromagnetic radiation molecular change occur. These changes occur between the electronic energy level. As molecule absorb energy, an energy is to change of position from occupied orbital to an unoccupied orbital of greater potential energy <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Instrumentation in UV Spectroscopy</span></h3> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span>I.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span></span>Light source<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span>II.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span></span>Monochromator<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>III.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span>Detector<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span>Amplifiers<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span>V.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span></span>Recorder<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKwnfOKOorC6wM-93AFeTQvT-QoGkhHRAEmoGK7EyDdSaaP_P0LZt5O12YYPC1toKa11S9Sk24J1RGPxCwmYN1yJmRNmlPpZOyIxHSCITMRSQjw7ypuz_v3Jx7g3cA73sP9cCO-OX5ZogSwzBZIIHVsSKWD8A7pFzMwrKCP0gSUWeHexzc_j62aD_z/s1024/UV%20spectrometer%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKwnfOKOorC6wM-93AFeTQvT-QoGkhHRAEmoGK7EyDdSaaP_P0LZt5O12YYPC1toKa11S9Sk24J1RGPxCwmYN1yJmRNmlPpZOyIxHSCITMRSQjw7ypuz_v3Jx7g3cA73sP9cCO-OX5ZogSwzBZIIHVsSKWD8A7pFzMwrKCP0gSUWeHexzc_j62aD_z/w377-h251/UV%20spectrometer%20(2).jpg" width="377" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></h4><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Light source in UV Spectroscopy</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The basic important things are that light source which passes polychromatic radiation to monochromator. we know light source as it will have visible and UV range light. we will have different light bulbs as a source of light depending upon the wavelength we need, and it is like a head light of our motor bike. Mostly in experiments two light sources are used, for ultraviolet light Deuterium is used and for visible light tungsten lamp is used. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">There are many things which we should keep in mind while using the source of light firstly, the output light should be uniform over a specific wavelength secondly, it should be stable for a long period of time thirdly, the usage should be long and lastly the light source should be economical. Some of the light sources are listed below.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">            </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Halogen Lamps<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span>ii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">            </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Deuterium Lamps<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span>iii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">             </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Xenon Lamp (Xenon Arc Lamp)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span>iv.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">            </span></span></span>Xenon Flash Lamp<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span>v.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">            </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Low-Pressure Mercury Lamp<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Monochromator<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">          </span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Monochromators are used to break up large bands of polychromatic light. The light source is separated by a monochromator to obtain monochromatic light of certain wavelength, which is irradiated to the sample solution in the sample chamber. It has three types.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 39.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39.75pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">        </span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">            </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Filters<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39.75pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span>ii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">            </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Prisms<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39.75pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span>iii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">            </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Gratings<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Prism monochromator is made up of quartz, fused silica, both, and glass. The spectrophotometer has two types, single monochromator type which has only one monochromator and second is double type monochromator which has two monochromators, and you easily guess it by their name.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Sample holder</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It is device which is used as a sample holder and the sample is kept here. UV spectrophotometer’s holder is made up of glass, Quartz, iron, and bentonite. It is generally called as cuvette holder which is a customized light measuring component intended to keep liquid transmission measurements as accurate as possible. It keeps the sample in a stable position throughput the process.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Modern cuvette holders can additionally include a temperature-controlled setting for testing how well a cuvette transmits light under various heat conditions and in reaction to fiber optic. These light measurement accessories are strong and adaptable, and they have a staggering array of uses in the study of light measurement and the characterization of materials.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Detectors</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Detector will detect the light signal which then will be converted to the signal displayed on the device. The UV-Vis spectroscopy apparatus employs a variety of detectors. The analysis needs to be straightforward and inexpensive. Depending on the requirements, every detector may be used to various scenarios and samples.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The choice of detectors is influenced by the volume of the sample that is present, the analyte concentration, and the reaction mixture. In the case of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, detection should be carried out at a very smaller sampling concentration. They ought to be smaller and of greater quality as well.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The ability of the normal eye to perceive fluctuations in color makes it a useful tool for colorimetric equipment that match colors. Although the human visual system achieved the intended function, the examination was subject to personal judgment and perception, which made alternative sensitive detection choices necessary. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">With the passage of time, electrical charge transfer properties-based detectors were created. There are basically four types of detectors in any spectrophotometer.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Following is the type of detectors<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">1)barrier layer cell<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">2)Photo tube<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">3) photomultiplier tube<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">4) Thermocouple<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Amplifier and recorder</span></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Amplifier: Amplifiers amplifies signal coming from detector <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Recorder:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Recorder records them which is displayed on the information shown on a computer.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVNcBS5YQ7RdS_tqGHd2L1g9kx-J5ArOgbYggoFwanAnjAkzcmKP1MUtQ2nIF7wBKsbioE1iF7NPcyu6rmAhsS4Hu-YeIY1xtXuImhCSxED1w4Y0RrHaX8P-PdYtQTLlhFyxAPKkS10oU59E9qVXfRkWEWPUzVdHNbvpBZeefOXSVoRZxPnkacZEu5/s1024/UV%20spectrometer%20(3).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVNcBS5YQ7RdS_tqGHd2L1g9kx-J5ArOgbYggoFwanAnjAkzcmKP1MUtQ2nIF7wBKsbioE1iF7NPcyu6rmAhsS4Hu-YeIY1xtXuImhCSxED1w4Y0RrHaX8P-PdYtQTLlhFyxAPKkS10oU59E9qVXfRkWEWPUzVdHNbvpBZeefOXSVoRZxPnkacZEu5/w346-h230/UV%20spectrometer%20(3).jpg" width="346" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></o:p></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Application of UV Spectroscopy</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">UV Spectroscopy is one of the best methods for to find out impurities in organic molecule. Addition of the most extreme possible amount can be observed due to the possible amount in the sample and can be compared with that of raw material. By also measuring the absorbance of specific wavelength the impurities can be detect.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Some power of UV Spectroscopy makes it so great for many application<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]-->This technique is non causing a very large amount of damage which can allow the sample to be reused for further processing or analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]-->Measurement can be performed very quickly.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]-->Less user training is need as instrument is easier to use and handle.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]-->Only minimal processing is need for data analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span>The instrument is not high price as it is easy to need and to be able to use in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>laboratory.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]-->The application of UV Spectroscopy is enormous. The following are the main field in which UV visible Spectroscopy is used<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]-->DNA or RNA analysis<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pharmaceutical analysis<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]-->Bacterial culture<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]-->Beverage analysis<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]-->Environmental monitoring and control <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]-->Biotech <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]-->Life science<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]-->Gas and oil<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]-->Geology<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]-->Metallurgy<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Disadvantage of UV Spectroscopy</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The main disadvantage of using UV spectrometer is the time. It takes time to prepare to use one with UV visible spectrophotometer, set up is key. It must be clear the area of any outside light electronic noise or other outside. The operator of the spectrophotometer should be well trained, in addition to that the system or the computer and the recorder should be connected properly to get accurate results. If cuvette is not properly clean it may affect the results. Spending a lot of time under UV light may harm your skin as well as your eyes. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The room where system operate should be a dark space and it should not have any kind of vibration of any electronic or anything. Furthermore, it can only analyze the molecules which contains chromophores. External and internal factors such as pH, temperature, contaminants, and impurities can also affect the results. We cannot analyze solid or a gas sample, and the sample needs to in liquid form.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Advantage of UV Spectroscopy</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The biggest advantage for chemist and astronomers who use UV visible spectrometer is the accuracy of the device. Even small UV visible spectrometer can give extremely occur ate reading which is extremely important when we are preparing chemical solution. In addition to that it is easy to use, to handle and is easy to operate. We can easily buy it from the market at a very low price and even small laboratories can afford it. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It can easily cover the entire region of the UV-vis light and can be used for the quantitative and the qualitative relationship. It can also provide a derivative graph which is important in any research. It also can be used for the degradation of the study of the degradation of the dyes and drugs.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Conclusion</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The spectroscopy in the visible ultraviolet region. In a very useful technique for qualitative studies related to characterization of organic and inorganic compounds, in food material. In this context the scientific community has used this technique more research area of food science and technology sector, it’s application in quality laboratories of food industries has been very important, because it satisfies both the scope and public health problem. It allows quality verification of different product widely compare and little around the world.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p>

  UV SPECTROSCOPY Introduction UV Spectroscopy is very widely used technique in labs and in life science life department. Many different... Read More »