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Narcotics | Narcotic Drugs Types | Narcotics Advantages and Disadvantages

نشرت بواسطة:thetutee.com October 25, 2022 في Biology لاتوجد تعليقات

<h1 style="background: rgb(238, 236, 225); line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">Narcotics</h1><div> </div>

<h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">Introduction to Narcotics</h1><div> </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Narcotics are chemicals that are used for the treatment or prevention of diseases. They are strong painkillers and are widely known to
be addictive drugs: commonly harmed narcotics include heroin, morphine,
phentermine narcotic, methadone,
Codeine and Hydromorphone. These chemicals are highly habit-forming and can be
abused or misused.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> </div>

The drugs are often approved in combination
with other less effective painkillers (paracetamol or aspirin). These are used
to relieve pain for patients with never-ending diseases like cancer. These
are also used to relieve acute pain after operations. But some people may abuse
narcotics for the delighted effect that’s why its use is highly restricted by the
government.   <o:p></o:p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnaigkkIzZWWCNP6q5tnYdeA4leHxb0zQOG-a-FHOOmtMHi8pOmflkULFBQMFbye8SlByDkSJ5FeWN2ED71JtNDKA3K_rg_YlOhu2J5TzawnW-Tj4JKgJTSzcJlW0pNovojZm4kfLkbZ_AaWEjw9VtJO4mUkDwtq7X1S7pQDYTbMyfI796GK64Fks_/s1024/Narcotics%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnaigkkIzZWWCNP6q5tnYdeA4leHxb0zQOG-a-FHOOmtMHi8pOmflkULFBQMFbye8SlByDkSJ5FeWN2ED71JtNDKA3K_rg_YlOhu2J5TzawnW-Tj4JKgJTSzcJlW0pNovojZm4kfLkbZ_AaWEjw9VtJO4mUkDwtq7X1S7pQDYTbMyfI796GK64Fks_/s320/Narcotics%20(1).jpg" width="320" /></a></div>

Morphine and codeine are narcotics, derived from opium (poppy). Morphine acts directly on the central
nervous system to relieve pain. Morphine has a high potential for infatuation.
The most harmed narcotics i.e., heroin is a semi-synthetic drug from morphine.
It affects the central nervous system and causes sleepiness.<o:p></o:p>

In the US, the term
"narcotic" has emerged to be associated with opiates and opioids,
most popularly morphine and heroine, as well as derivatives of the numerous
chemicals present inside this unrefined opium latex. The word
"narcotic," which derives from the ancient Greek "to make
insensitive," typically refers medically to any psychoactive substance
with dulling or paralyzing properties. The three main substances commonly used
are morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Although thebaine is only minimally
psychoactive on its own, it serves as the progenitor for the bulk of
semi-synthetic opioids like oxycodone and hydrocodone. <o:p></o:p>

According to the law, the word
"narcotic" can be broadly described as having a bad implication. A
narcotic drug, including heroin, or one that is used abusively is completely
forbidden and when used it should legally satisfy laws in the United States.<o:p></o:p>

The phrase has a more precise
definition and is not typically associated with harm in the medical world. In
the United States, federal law classifies both cocaine and amphetamines as
(agenda) drugs; however, even though cocaine, apart from amphetamine, is classified
as a narcotic, the consequence for possession of cocaine is greater than the
punishment for possession of amphetamine. This is because cocaine, unlike
amphetamine, is categorized as a narcotic.<o:p></o:p>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Sources of the Narcotics      </h3>

The main
source of the narcotic drug is the opium poppy plant, its unripe seeds are used
to extract the medicine.                    <o:p></o:p>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Narcotic disambiguation </h3>

Narcotics refers to medical or psychoactive compounds with sleep-inducing properties. In the United States, it
has become related to opiates and opioids, commonly morphine and heroin, as
well as derivatives of many of the compounds found within opium
latex.<o:p></o:p>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Narcotics Anonymous or NA, nonprofit fellowship or society of men and
women for who drugs had become a major problem. </h3>

v Codeine<o:p></o:p>

v Fentanyl-available as an area<o:p></o:p>

v Tramantol<o:p></o:p>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Narcotic and non-narcotics Analgesics</h3>

Narcotics and non-narcotics
analgesics Faraza Jawed M-Phil pharmacology and analgesics, narcotics, or
painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to accomplish analgesia-
relief from pain. Major classes of analgesic drugs; are opioids, NSAIDs,
acetaminophen/PCM, flupirtine, and ziconotide.<o:p></o:p>

Narcotics analgesic/opioids narcotic
analgesics are drugs that relieve pain, by necessary opioid receptors, which are present in the central peripheral nervous system, causing a lack of feeling and carrying
on a state of unconsciousness.<o:p></o:p>

Classified into natural compounds:
morphine, codeine papaverine semi-synthetic: diacetylmorphine (Heroine), benzyl
morphine and ethyl morphine synthetic derivatives: fentanyl, pethidine, and
methadone, tramadol, and propoxyphene loperamide, an opiate that does not enter
the brain and therefor lacks analgesic activities.  <o:p></o:p>

Mechanism of action all opioid
receptors are G-protein attached receptors and in tendency adenylate cyclase.
They are also mixed up in postsynaptic hyperpolarization (increasing K+
efflux) reduction presynaptic Ca++ influx thus inhibiting neuronal activity. <o:p></o:p>

Opioid receptors all opioid receptors are associated with G-proteins to inhibit the opening of calcium channels (inhabiting released transmitters). there are four types of receptors. U- receptors are
responsible for most analgesic effects of opioids, and for some major unnecessary
effects K-receptor contributes to analgesia at
the spinal level and may extract sedation and dysphoria but produce fairly few
unwanted effects and do not donate to self-reliance. Gamma-receptors are most likely more
important in the side-line and may also donate to analgesia.

Alpha-receptors are not true opioid
receptors it is unclear what delta is responsible for, but many adjust receptors' activity.<o:p></o:p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJWJ-lyT-ejH4WuoWCHQuYy4zVBBv0ln1RbFEjjhb4eNpy5tO9-9_hzYgJmx6XGEtJt4EvQfAAVTuq1_YrGlT9RpkxguoEtc8cDeifsGVYD6zWhF_8FjY-JrRwTGtjaT6zQK12_8OpA4g3ezwSy_oMipji91quXDfiuWfyY12EqR_zKgwm79lQRgc1/s1024/Narcotic%20drugs%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJWJ-lyT-ejH4WuoWCHQuYy4zVBBv0ln1RbFEjjhb4eNpy5tO9-9_hzYgJmx6XGEtJt4EvQfAAVTuq1_YrGlT9RpkxguoEtc8cDeifsGVYD6zWhF_8FjY-JrRwTGtjaT6zQK12_8OpA4g3ezwSy_oMipji91quXDfiuWfyY12EqR_zKgwm79lQRgc1/s320/Narcotic%20drugs%20(1).jpg" width="320" /></a></div>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Advantages and Disadvantages of Narcotic </h3>

overdose can cause poison i.e.,
respiratory depression causes dryness of mouth, mental clouding, vomiting, headache,
fatigue, dizziness, Itching, chest pain, abnormal heartbeat, and constipation.<o:p></o:p>

Methadone is a synthetic drug and is an orally
effective opioid that is something equal in efficiency to morphine but
induces less euphoria and has a longer interval of action. Methadone is readily fascinated
following oral organization. The drug is bio-transformed in the liver and is
excreted in the urine, mainly as motionless metabolites. Adverse effects:
methadone can produce physical reliance like that of morphine.<o:p></o:p>

It is now believed that this careful self-consciousness
of the enzyme COX-3 in the brain and spinal cord explains the efficiency of paracetamol
in relieving pain and reducing fever without having unwanted gastrointestinal side
effects of paracetamol at a molecular level is unclear but there is a general suggestion
that the analgesic effect of descending serotonergic pathway it is a most
important side of action may still be self-consciousness of PG synthesis.
Useful in kind to logical pain like headache, pyrexia, myalgia etc. in case of
patients allergic to aspirin patient with haemophilia. Patients with PUD (peptide
ulcer disease) are patients who are taking other uricosuric drugs (salicylate competes
with the uric acid in tubular secretion).<o:p></o:p>

Flupirtine is a centrally acting,
non-opioid analgesic that is available in several European countries for the handling
of a mixture of pain states. Flupirtine acts indirectly NMDA receptor
antagonist by activation of K+ channels. The establishment of these channels leads
to hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane and the neuron becomes less impulsive:
thus, there is the stabilization of the resting neuronal membrane.<o:p></o:p>

Ziconotide is a non-narcotic pain
reliever that is used to treat and dissolve chronic pains in people who cannot
use or do not take action on average pain-relieving medication. This action
inhibits the release of nociceptive neurochemicals like glutamate and
substance P in the brain and spinal cord, resulting in pain relief. In humans, a spinal mixture of prelate produces considerable pain relief in patients with
intractable pain connected with cancer, AIDS and in some neuropathic pain
conditions.<o:p></o:p>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Properties of Narcotics</h3>

Drug-like properties are defined by Sugiyama
as the physiochemical properties (such as solubility, stability, etc.) and
biological characteristics that are reliable with good clinical performance. According
to the research result of Lipinski et. The term drug-like compound refers to
those compounds with acceptable ADME/TOX properties, and able to survive phase
clinical trials.<o:p></o:p>

Burckhardt critical out that the responsibility of medicinal chemists is not only to optimize the benefits of the anti-infective drug and anti-infective drugs and anti-cancer drugs: the best R-value internals of nominee drugs are in the range of 0.05 -0.50 and R-value OF
Candidate CNS drugs should be as a small as possible in this time. <o:p></o:p>

we developed that the three
chemical structure-related crematoria may be applicable in a probable manner for the identification of original
candidate drugs and will provide imaginary organization for scheming new
chemical entities with a good drug-like property the numbers of some special
functional groups and the heavy atoms proportion of 6891 global approval small
drugs have been expansively analyzed. we first naked three important structure-related criteria closely related to drug-likeness.<o:p></o:p>

·     The
best number of sweet-smelling and nonromantic rings are 2 and 1 respectively <o:p></o:p>

·    The
best functional group of candidate drugs are usually OH, COOR, and COOH turn
but not CONHOH, SO3, SH, CHO and, SO3H. In addition, F
functional group is beneficial to anti-infective drugs.<o:p></o:p>

·     The
three factors have considerable potential for the measurement of the drug-like
properties of organic molecules.<o:p></o:p>

·   In
many western countries, heroin is prescribed as a strong analgesic under the
name of diamorphine. It is used to include treatment of acute pain, such as in
severe physical suffering from myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain etc.<o:p></o:p>

Narcotic Drug addiction associated
problems<o:p></o:p>

Many studies that experts in social sciences proved that
there exists a close relationship between drug addiction and crime. The pressure
for the narcotic drug makes every drug addict a law violator and a criminal.
Mere possession of a narcotic drug is a violation of the law. Thus, every drug
addict is subject a capture by the police.<o:p></o:p>

Most narcotic addicts get involved in various types of crime e.g.,
robbery shoplifting, burglary, embezzlement etc. drug addicts may commit
violent crimes since so many become extrasensory patients. The addicts are very
weak in their social behaviour. They face social disgrace i.e., society
dislikes them because of their impulsive behaviours.<o:p></o:p>

The best way is not to use any kind of narcotic drug without
a prescription from the doctor. It is the most legal and safest way of using
any narcotic. <o:p></o:p>

BE AWARE, AND STAY SAFE!<o:p></o:p>

Jobs in Narcotics Department<o:p></o:p>

For Jobs in the Anti-narcotics department visit your own
country's anti-narcotics website and contribute to this noble cause.     <o:p></o:p>

References: <o:p></o:p>

1-     Ansite, Francie’s Edmund (1895)
stimulants and narcotics, their mutual relation: with special research on the
action of alcohol, ether, and chloroform on the vital organism.<o:p></o:p>

2-     Julien, Robert primer of drug
achievement. 11th addition, Claire D. Advocaat, Joseph. Comatly,edu.
New York: worth publishers 2008.<o:p></o:p>

3-     Mangione mp, matoken: improving pain
management communication. How patients understand the terms “opioid” and “narcotic”.
Journal of general inner medicine 2008:<o:p></o:p>

4-     NIH.gov retrieved November 10, 2015<o:p></o:p>

5-     OXIFOARD Dictionaries Retrieved November
10, 2015<o:p></o:p>

6-     Children’s hospital of Philadelphia
retrieved November 10, 2015<o:p></o:p>

7-     Carl B. Schultz (1983). “Note and statement:
statutory categorization of cocaine as a narcotic:<o:p></o:p>

<o:p></o:p>

<o:p></o:p>

<o:p></o:p>

<o:p></o:p>

<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Narcotics | Narcotic Drugs Types | Narcotics Advantages and Disadvantages

Narcotics Introduction to Narcotics Narcotics are chemicals that are used for the treatment or prevention of diseases. They are strong pa... Read More »

Plant Species in Gilgit-Baltistan | Floral plant | Herbal Plants | thetutee

نشرت بواسطة:thetutee.com July 26, 2022 في Biology لاتوجد تعليقات

<h2 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">Plant species found
in GB</h2>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">Introduction</h3>

According to the researchers
of Gilgit-Baltistan Thymus Bergenia, stracheyi, saussurea hetermalla, saussure
lappa, carthaamus tinctorious, Peganum
harmala, Rheum emodi, Mentha longifoila, Mentha arvensis are some of the plants
species that are found in Gilgit-Baltistan and the list goes on up to
thousands. Fruit trees like Apricot, Almond, Apple, Walnut, Peach, Fig,
Cherries are some trees that are commercially grown in this part of the world.
Gilgit-Baltistan is popular for its rich taste dry fruits. <o:p></o:p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbpU65QNv8Df4EBgjQJvPIEsSGw2bi7ZBLngEby2ee-8mA47fQJrdCMSbRepDLEL9spGqYu_2kwoQ80StCj-AuR1QMlW6J55y5XaEjek_MvNH72lJxtCCNoJEif9lOjKNvAnwLxwazH2gVARKke73nAn2lziVLWWlU10aojXyCe-bSgjXB_6JlaMAu/s1024/plant%20species%20in%20gilgitbaltistan%20(1).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbpU65QNv8Df4EBgjQJvPIEsSGw2bi7ZBLngEby2ee-8mA47fQJrdCMSbRepDLEL9spGqYu_2kwoQ80StCj-AuR1QMlW6J55y5XaEjek_MvNH72lJxtCCNoJEif9lOjKNvAnwLxwazH2gVARKke73nAn2lziVLWWlU10aojXyCe-bSgjXB_6JlaMAu/w374-h249/plant%20species%20in%20gilgitbaltistan%20(1).png" width="374" /></a></div>

Traditional medicinal
uses of plants in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan

Ghizer district of
Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan is rich of tremendous natural resources. plants
resources have been used to different purpose of human as well as livestock
aliment in this part like others in the world. Many studies have been conducted
to find out and document the indigenous and traditional use of medicinal plant.
<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The status of traditional
knowledge with the advancement of technology and modern healthcare facilities
to find out the mode, part, and way of usage and more importantly to know the
threats for the plant resources. Although many conservational activities and
project are currently going. To gain some good results I believe these projects
needs to include local people for a long-term run, making them believe that
these conservations will upgrade the uplift the lives of the local community
with that the major stake holder should be the people of that area.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The information on
local name and uses were collected from the local communities and herbalist
through direct interview, questioner and showing photographs.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The identification
and nomenclature of the plant species was made by consulting different
taxonomists and available literature especially following the flora of Pakistan.
The leaves are most common part of plants used as medicine. Medicinal plants
are in severe under pressure of over grazing, cutting and climate change
impacts. so, the leaves of the plants are used for the treatment of different
diseases and provide large amount of oxygen. <o:p></o:p>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -4.5pt;">Plants found in different areas of GB</h3>

<o:p> </o:p>

Most of the medical
plant’s families are found in Skardu. such as  Asteraceae about 7 species
been discovered and some believe that many more species can be found  the region
if more research has been done.

Lamiaceae about 6 species are being reported. <o:p></o:p>

polygonaceae about 4 species are known till
now.<o:p></o:p>

Rosaceae about 4 species are being reported. <o:p></o:p>

The most dominant
life form of species including herbs (38), followed by shrubs and subshrubs (12),      the  most frequent used part was leaves (41%) followed by root (26%) flower (41%).<o:p></o:p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVA7aSW0pdd5b8UeHJDzzgugkY86gmj-hGbhao4AHZGWA6vwWyo889T1PeDiXnCfxIWiTAEjjq7b8fQxwQDCgEMQv5DCc5JXq3NYQCAwR7rAzw905TOLfJkB_hkfOTX4yKiPY_G6VfumBKcmgpRXf2cTPiPkHDZp9lkxJqxCD5obddmyDEc5wdQkWW/s1024/Gilgit-Baltistan.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVA7aSW0pdd5b8UeHJDzzgugkY86gmj-hGbhao4AHZGWA6vwWyo889T1PeDiXnCfxIWiTAEjjq7b8fQxwQDCgEMQv5DCc5JXq3NYQCAwR7rAzw905TOLfJkB_hkfOTX4yKiPY_G6VfumBKcmgpRXf2cTPiPkHDZp9lkxJqxCD5obddmyDEc5wdQkWW/w346-h230/Gilgit-Baltistan.png" width="346" /></a></div>

<o:p> </o:p>

Hunza has the large
area of Gilgit Baltistan and has one of the diverse plant species. The people
of that area used the plants in different purposes, such as treatment for different
diseases, used for the construction  of
building, roads, furniture, making paper, factories  and etc.

° pears<o:p></o:p>

° Almond<o:p></o:p>

° Flora <o:p></o:p>

So, these are dome of the plants that found in
Hunza, and these plants have different usage. <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

<h4 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">Flora</h4>

The flora of the Gilgit
Baltistan contain many plants with therapeutic values i.e., used to cure different
diseases treatment, bone and muscular problem, hypertension, sugar etc.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

<h4 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">     Thyme</h4>

Thyme contains many chemicals that might help bacterial and fungal
infections. It also helps to relieve coughing and have antioxidant effect.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Most of the people commonly used thyme for coughing, hairs losing and
many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support
these uses.<o:p></o:p>

Common Thyme and lemon thyme are the variety most often used in cooking.
lemon thyme looks like common thyme but offers a distinctive lemon and flavor. These
thymes are mostly found in mountainous areas and high altitudes of Gilgit-Baltistan.
<o:p></o:p>

Thyme can used in whole form, or by packing individual leaves from the
stem with a gentle pinching motion at the base of each cluster.<o:p></o:p>

Thyme leaves can be added, whole or cropped, to a dish at any stage of
cooking. The longer they cook, however the more flavor they will provide thyme
stem or fibrous and won't break down during cooking, so during using whole
thyme stem pick them out and discard before serving. If baking with thyme removes
the small individual leaves from the stem beforehand are used dried thyme
(which has already been the stem).<o:p></o:p>

Quality delicious
fruits like cherry, apricot mulberry, plum, peach, apples,      pomegranate,
and grapes  etc.

<o:p> </o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The apricots of Hunza and Shigar is believed the most
delicious and very high in quality. The main crop includes maze, wheat, barley,
millet, potato, peas, beans, and various types. While livestock comprises of
sheep, goats, cows, horse, and yak. These natural resources play and extremely
important role in the region’s economy, providing the main source of households
in come for many. These natural resources offered great opportunity for
tourists and visitors to enjoy their leisure time.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The alpine flowers of the region or aster potentias, delphiniums,
daffodil, daisy, parsley, mustard honey sucklie, carnation, gentain, mint, peas,
Lilly, evering primrose, poppy, plantan, clavender, butter cups, rose. The trees
are of fir, birch, cadre, juniper, spruce, chilgoza, chir, blue, pine, deodar, willosycamor.
Common bush and shrubs include phaedar rose, tamarisk, uiburnartemisia.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Buckwheat<o:p></o:p>

Buckwheat is a pseudo
cereal which is the type of grains that does not grow on grasses but is used similarly
to other cereal it  is gluten  free a good source of fiber and rich in
minerals and various  plant compound  especially 
Rutin.<o:p></o:p>

Buckwheat or common
buckwheat a plant cultivated for its grain like seeds and as a cover crop. The
name buckwheat is used for several other species, such as Fagopyrum tataricum a
domesticated food plant raised in Asia.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The buckwheat has a
great amount of fiber in it. Fiber allowed for the regular bowel movement and
reduced the potential for experiencing symptoms such as constipation. <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

A diet high in fiber
is sure to protect your digestive health. buck wheat can play a valuable role
in controlling blood sugar level. Buckwheat is a highly nutritious whole grains
that many people considered to be a superfood. Among its health benefit,
buckwheat may improve heart health benefits promoted health loss and help to
manage diabetes the buck wheat is good source of the protein and energy.<o:p></o:p>

Although buckwheat
has 335 calories per 100g, it’s good for weight loss most noteworthy, buckwheat
flour keeps you healthy and protect you from disease.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Commonly called paper
pin belongs to the family Betulaceae and scientifically known as Betula
papyrifera is also found in western part of GB. The paper is derived from the
silver-white bark of birch tree which is removed in sheet and rolls after
drying and pressing sheet are rubbed smooth with shell. Due to its waterproof
and insect repellent properties it is used as insulating material in the roof
of wooden huts. Construct maneuverable canoes, dishes, durable wigwams cooking
pots, needle cases and leak proof containers for storage of butter maple syrup
and water.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Cosmos are herbaceous
perennial pheut which is grow faster and the height is o.3 -2m tail. Their
leaves are simple and arranged in opposite pairs. which are used for different
purpose such as used as a medical treatment and as well as instruction the oil from
the cosmos plants.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Gilgit Baltistan is
blessed with wide variety of flora. Flora of the area appears to change color
with change with the change of weather. In winter it completed get covered with
snow, their greenery time is start taking roots in end may after melting of
snow and reach it's bloom in July when the whole area is covered by green
carpet, it end in august month, again due to drop in temperature, the flowers
and grasses start turning brown and finally turn black giving way to winter.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The famous tree
fruits of the area are walnut, apricots, cherry, and apple. The area is also
famous for its potato crop which is one of the best in Pakistan and is the
major source of income for the local of the area shellu sag a local grass. (vegetables)
is a common food among local of the area. The area is home to many herbs used
in allopathic, homeopathic, and herbal medicine.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

These plants are the
best known for their ability to be made into an infusion which is commonly used
to help with sleep and is often served with honey and lemon large number of
other wildflowers not found anywhere can also be seen in the area.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Sea buckthorn is the
rich of many nutrients and may improve the health of your skins, immune system
liver and heart .it may also help in protection of many diabetes and even
certain type of cancer. Its oil has been used in traditional medical purpose.
Every few sides effect from sea buckthorn have been reported .in some people
who had high blood pressure, swelling, headache, dizziness, and palpitation
were noted. when this is used on the skin to treat burns.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

It sometime caused a rash Consumption of it for
five weeks decrease fasting blood glucose in prediabetes consumption of sea
buckthorn fruits puree for five weeks has been found to decrease fasting plasma
glucose level in people prediabetes. The juices to the sea buckthorn have been administered
in volume up to 300ml daily over 8 weeks.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

So, these are the
plants of Gilgit Baltistan which are used in our daily life for different
purposes such as in the field of industrial development, medical purposes and
also as a source of income.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Plant Species in Gilgit-Baltistan | Floral plant | Herbal Plants | thetutee

Plant species found in GB Introduction According to the researchers of Gilgit-Baltistan Thymus Bergenia, stracheyi, saussurea hetermal... Read More »

Adrenaline Hormone | Introduction | Explanation | Structure | thetutee

نشرت بواسطة:thetutee.com July 19, 2022 في Biology لاتوجد تعليقات

<o:p></o:p>

<h2 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">ADRENAL CHEMICAL STRUCURE AND
FUNCTION</h2>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">ADRENALINE HORMONE</h3>

Adrenaline is a hormone.
Epinephrine is another name for adrenaline. The adrenal medulla produces adrenaline;
hence the question is: where is the adrenal medulla? what is the adrenal
medulla, too? where does the adrenal medulla reside? The adrenal medulla, an
internal component of the adrenal gland, is made up of this. The word adrenal
implies that the adrenal gland is located on the upper side of the kidney,
which is where the kidney is located.<o:p></o:p>

The adrenal medulla produces
epinephrine (adrenaline), which is secreted together with norepinephrine under
the influence of the sympathetic nervous system. Both participate in the body's
instantaneous response to stress. The two hormones have a similar impact in
various ways thanks to a synergistic effect. The most effective metabolic
activity stimulant is epinephrine. Enhanced blood flow to the heart, skeletal
muscles, and bronchi, but norepinephrine has a stronger impact on peripheral
vasoconstriction, which results in a rise in blood pressure. Over secretion of
these hormones can also lead to hypertension and aggressive conduct in daily
life. Failure to deal with emergencies is caused by under secretion.<o:p></o:p>

Adrenaline sets off the
body's fight-or-flight response. As a result of this reaction, the airways
liquefy, giving the muscles the oxygen, they need to either resist or escape
danger. Adrenaline also causes the blood arteries to dilate, rerouting blood
into important muscle groups like the heart and lungs. <o:p></o:p> <h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Structure of Adrenaline:</h3><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK-i1TKtbI5_XlV04ntENU-w-K5-GbPP1mMWaaSw_6M6kw6j681oI05b1xGkS0TvFwPP_97HijV9f6YcKaoKxfB6LgkETxnvZ1KFqVKpt7taJn5dPi5PRaSbW-32_kYtomySANbXS5h_WnL8dGrRg_lWh7kJ5hoNXmuFaXrNE2B-PD7svvGh8siv_-/s1024/ADRENALINE%20HORMONE%20(1).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK-i1TKtbI5_XlV04ntENU-w-K5-GbPP1mMWaaSw_6M6kw6j681oI05b1xGkS0TvFwPP_97HijV9f6YcKaoKxfB6LgkETxnvZ1KFqVKpt7taJn5dPi5PRaSbW-32_kYtomySANbXS5h_WnL8dGrRg_lWh7kJ5hoNXmuFaXrNE2B-PD7svvGh8siv_-/w374-h249/ADRENALINE%20HORMONE%20(1).png" width="374" /></a></div> <div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">WHAT SYMPTOMS
ARE CAUSED BY HAVING TOO MUCH ADRENALINE?</h3><div> </div>

•        WEIGHT LOSS<o:p></o:p>

•        HEART PALPITATIONS<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

FORMULA:   C9H13NO2<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">EPINEPHRINE  </h3>

Via increasing the
concentration of fructose 2-6 bisphosphate, a powerful allosteric activator of
the essential glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase-1, adrenaline also
stimulates the anaerobic breakdown of skeletal muscle glycogen into lactase by
fermentation, accelerating glycolytic ATP generation. Additionally, adrenaline
promotes fat mobilization in adipose tissue by activating triacylglycerol
lipase in a c-amp dependent manner. Furthermore, adrenaline suppresses insulin
secretion while stimulating glucagon secretion, enhancing its influence on fuel
mobilization, and preventing fuel storage. <o:p></o:p>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The central nervous pathway</h3>

Norepinephrine and
epinephrine are kept in granules with ATP in the medulla. Chromogranin is also
present in the granules. Acetylcholine, which is produced by preganglionic
neurons that innervate the secretory cells, starts a section. Acetylcholine
activates cation channels, and exocytosis is triggered by the ca+ that enters
the cell from the ECF. In this way, the ATP, proteins, and granules of
catecholamine are all simultaneously released. Under certain physiological
circumstances, norepinephrine and epinephrine may be released independently,
and these two catecholamines have unique physiological functions in homeostasis.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p></o:p>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">ADRENALINE FUNCTIONS</h3>

The medullary portion of the
mammalian adrenal is a modified sympathetic ganglion consisting of sympathetic
preganglionic neuronal endings cholinergic and modified cells from neural crest
and secretes either norepinephrine or epinephrine directly into the blood. even
though both epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized from the amino acid
tyrosine and employ the same biochemical pathways only one cellular type
possesses the critical enzyme phenylethanilamine n- mthyltransferase (PNMT)
which converts norepinephrine to epinephrine through addition of a methyl group
donated by s – adinosylmethionine inactivation of catecholamine’s involves
methylation by the enzyme catechol - O – methyl transferase (COMT) and
subsequent deamination and oxidation by monoamine oxidase ( MAO)  to metabolites the appear  in the urine. in the plasma about 95% of the
dopamine and 70 percent of the norepinephrine and epinephrine are conjugated to
sulfate the catecholamine’s have a half-life of about 2 minutes in the
circulation and for the most parts they are methoxylated and then oxidized to
3- methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (vanithy landelic acid VMA) about 50% of the
secreted catecholamine appears in the urine as are conjugated metanephrine and
normetane phrine and 35% as VMA.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Additionally, the
catecholamines increase the secretion of insulin and glucagon via-B-adrenergic
mechanism and hinder the same via-a-adrenergic process. Epinephrine and
norepinephrine both cause glycogen lysis through B-adrenergic receptors that
increased CAMP with activations of phosphorylase and via-adrenergic receptors
that increased intracellular ca2+.<o:p></o:p>

Although epinephrine
typically causes more anxiety and fear in humans, both epinephrine and
norepinephrine are equally effective at boosting alertness. Under stressful
circumstances, epinephrine and norepinephrine both increase heart rate and
strength as well as blood pressure, which widens the airways and makes it
easier for oxygen to enter the body.<o:p></o:p>

Epinephrine principally
affects muscles, adipose tissue, and the liver by phosphorylating the enzymes
in a camp-dependent manner. promoting the process by which liver glycogen is
converted into blood glucose. Epinephrine activates triacylglycerol lipase,
which in turn increases fat mobilization in adipose tissue. Epinephrine
increases glucagon release, which enhances the hormone's ability to mobilize
fuel and prevent its storage.<o:p></o:p>

Insulin-induced hypoglycemia
leads in cardiac acceleration by stimulating epinephrine release, while
hypoglycemia induces epinephrine release primarily through direct effects on
glucose sensitive centers in the hypothalamus. Asphyxia increases epinephrine
release likely through direct actions of oxygen deprivation on the nervous
system.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

According to certain
theories, the pathophysiology of asthma and its symptoms can be explained by
the fact that most asthmatics have maintained pulmonary B-AR activity.<o:p></o:p>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">How is adrenaline is
controlled</h3>

To produce adrenaline
hormone and raise the amount of adrenaline in the blood, the neurological
system that is related to the adrenal gland must be activated. This mechanism
takes place reasonably fast, within 2 to 3 minutes after the stressful
situation has passed. The adrenal gland stops producing adrenaline because of
the nerve impulses.<o:p></o:p>

Adrenocorticotropic hormone,
which is produced by the pituitary gland, which is situated directly under the
hypothalamus, is similarly stimulated by stress. The infundibulum, a stalk made
of blood vessels and neurosecretory cell fibers, divides the pituitary gland
into three lobes. which is median and the last one, both of which are anterior
and posterior.<o:p></o:p>

The following hormones are
secreted from these lobes and have different functions in the regulation of a
human body's various lobes. For example, growth hormone, thyroid stimulating
hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing
hormone, interstitial cell stimulating hormone, and gonadotropic hormone are
just a few of the hormones that are produced by these lobes.<o:p></o:p>

This hormone secretion is
necessary for the body, but while everything in the world has been beneficial,
it is important to remember that when something is significant, it can also be
dangerous for us. Because of this, human hormones can secrete too little or too
much, which can lead to disease and prevent the body from functioning properly
both physically and mentally. <o:p></o:p>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">What happen I have too much
adrenaline?</h3>

Since we are all aware that
everything has benefits as well as drawbacks, let's move on to my topic and
specifically to my point that excessive secretion of the hormone adrenaline is
very harmful to our bodies and may increase the risk of a person's demise, or,
to put it another way, a person's illness. However, there are several types of
therapy accessible in hospitals nowadays and the sickness is treated with
medicines.<o:p></o:p>

Adrenaline over secretion is
a relatively common occurrence. Most of us are aware with the many types of
symptoms that might manifest when someone is unwell since the majority of
people occasionally find themselves in stressful situations. This is a typical
reaction to a stressful circumstance. until the immediate tension is passed.
The symptoms immediately go away and the excessive adrenaline secretion ends.
Some obese individuals with untreated obstructive sleep apnea experience brief
disruptions in their regular breathing. As they fight to breathe at night, they
may be exposed to high levels of noradrenaline and adrenaline. It contributes
to the development of high blood pressure in certain individuals.<o:p></o:p>

Very infrequently, an
adrenal tumor termed a paraganglioma or pheochrocytoma may be the source of
excessive adrenaline production. These cancers may also run-in families. The
signs of excessive adrenaline occur sporadically, although occasionally they
might be hardly perceptible.<o:p></o:p>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> What happens if I have too little adrenaline secretion?<o:p></o:p></h3>

Answer: Even if you have
lost both of your adrenal glands due to disease or surgery, having too little
adrenaline in your system is extremely uncommon. Since the neurological system
produces 90% of the body's noradrenaline, the loss of 10% from the adrenal
glands is not substantial.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Because of this, adrenaline
shortage seldom manifests as a medical condition, except for extremely uncommon
and severe inherited catecholamine enzyme deficits.<o:p></o:p>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">what are common types of
adrenal disorder?</h3>

There are many and more or a
different condition related to your adrenal gland. Some of the most common
involves which are following.<o:p></o:p>

<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p>Collectively summary about
above given disease</h3>

Adrenal insufficiency is
another name for Addison disease. The body cannot create enough cortisol or
aldosterone in certain conditions. A body with Cushing's syndrome has a high
amount of cortisol. the inherited condition This phrase describes a hereditary
disease in which the adrenal glands are unable to adequately produce or produce
cortisol. A person with hyperaldosteronism creates too much aldosterone in
their body, which can increase blood pressure and cause potassium loss.
Pituitary tumors also have an abnormal development on the pituitary gland,
which can result in an ACTH-producing tumors in the adrenal gland and lead to
Cushing's disease.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

<o:p></o:p>

<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Adrenaline Hormone | Introduction | Explanation | Structure | thetutee

ADRENAL CHEMICAL STRUCURE AND FUNCTION ADRENALINE HORMONE Adrenaline is a ho... Read More »