Adrenaline Hormone

ADRENAL CHEMICAL STRUCURE AND FUNCTION

Adrenaline is a hormone. Epinephrine is another name for adrenaline. The adrenal medulla produces adrenaline; hence the question is: where is the adrenal medulla? what is the adrenal medulla, too? where does the adrenal medulla reside? The adrenal medulla, an internal component of the adrenal gland, is made up of this. The word adrenal implies that the adrenal gland is located on the upper side of the kidney, which is where the kidney is located.

The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine (adrenaline), which is secreted together with norepinephrine under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system. Both participate in the body's instantaneous response to stress. The two hormones have a similar impact in various ways thanks to a synergistic effect. The most effective metabolic activity stimulant is epinephrine. Enhanced blood flow to the heart, skeletal muscles, and bronchi, but norepinephrine has a stronger impact on peripheral vasoconstriction, which results in a rise in blood pressure. Over secretion of these hormones can also lead to hypertension and aggressive conduct in daily life. Failure to deal with emergencies is caused by under secretion.

Adrenaline sets off the body's fight-or-flight response. As a result of this reaction, the airways liquefy, giving the muscles the oxygen, they need to either resist or escape danger. Adrenaline also causes the blood arteries to dilate, rerouting blood into important muscle groups like the heart and lungs.

Structure of Adrenaline:

WHAT SYMPTOMS ARE CAUSED BY HAVING TOO MUCH ADRENALINE?

• WEIGHT LOSS

• HEART PALPITATIONS

• RAPID HEART

• EXCESSIVE SWEATING

• HIGH BLOOD PRESURE

• ANXIETY

FORMULA: C₉H₁₃NO₂

• Molar mass :183.204g/mole

• Boiling point:413.1

• Receptors: Adrenergic adrenaline

• Other name: Epinephrine adrenaline

• Metabolites: Metanephrine

EPINEPHRINE

Via increasing the concentration of fructose 2-6 bisphosphate, a powerful allosteric activator of the essential glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase-1, adrenaline also stimulates the anaerobic breakdown of skeletal muscle glycogen into lactase by fermentation, accelerating glycolytic ATP generation. Additionally, adrenaline promotes fat mobilization in adipose tissue by activating triacylglycerol lipase in a c-amp dependent manner. Furthermore, adrenaline suppresses insulin secretion while stimulating glucagon secretion, enhancing its influence on fuel mobilization, and preventing fuel storage.

The central nervous pathway

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are kept in granules with ATP in the medulla. Chromogranin is also present in the granules. Acetylcholine, which is produced by preganglionic neurons that innervate the secretory cells, starts a section. Acetylcholine activates cation channels, and exocytosis is triggered by the ca+ that enters the cell from the ECF. In this way, the ATP, proteins, and granules of catecholamine are all simultaneously released. Under certain physiological circumstances, norepinephrine and epinephrine may be released independently, and these two catecholamines have unique physiological functions in homeostasis.

ADRENALINE FUNCTIONS

The medullary portion of the mammalian adrenal is a modified sympathetic ganglion consisting of sympathetic preganglionic neuronal endings cholinergic and modified cells from neural crest and secretes either norepinephrine or epinephrine directly into the blood. even though both epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine and employ the same biochemical pathways only one cellular type possesses the critical enzyme phenylethanilamine n- mthyltransferase (PNMT) which converts norepinephrine to epinephrine through addition of a methyl group donated by s – adinosylmethionine inactivation of catecholamine’s involves methylation by the enzyme catechol - O – methyl transferase (COMT) and subsequent deamination and oxidation by monoamine oxidase ( MAO) to metabolites the appear in the urine. in the plasma about 95% of the dopamine and 70 percent of the norepinephrine and epinephrine are conjugated to sulfate the catecholamine’s have a half-life of about 2 minutes in the circulation and for the most parts they are methoxylated and then oxidized to 3- methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (vanithy landelic acid VMA) about 50% of the secreted catecholamine appears in the urine as are conjugated metanephrine and normetane phrine and 35% as VMA.

Additionally, the catecholamines increase the secretion of insulin and glucagon via-B-adrenergic mechanism and hinder the same via-a-adrenergic process. Epinephrine and norepinephrine both cause glycogen lysis through B-adrenergic receptors that increased CAMP with activations of phosphorylase and via-adrenergic receptors that increased intracellular ca₂+.

Although epinephrine typically causes more anxiety and fear in humans, both epinephrine and norepinephrine are equally effective at boosting alertness. Under stressful circumstances, epinephrine and norepinephrine both increase heart rate and strength as well as blood pressure, which widens the airways and makes it easier for oxygen to enter the body.

Epinephrine principally affects muscles, adipose tissue, and the liver by phosphorylating the enzymes in a camp-dependent manner. promoting the process by which liver glycogen is converted into blood glucose. Epinephrine activates triacylglycerol lipase, which in turn increases fat mobilization in adipose tissue. Epinephrine increases glucagon release, which enhances the hormone's ability to mobilize fuel and prevent its storage.

Insulin-induced hypoglycemia leads in cardiac acceleration by stimulating epinephrine release, while hypoglycemia induces epinephrine release primarily through direct effects on glucose sensitive centers in the hypothalamus. Asphyxia increases epinephrine release likely through direct actions of oxygen deprivation on the nervous system.

According to certain theories, the pathophysiology of asthma and its symptoms can be explained by the fact that most asthmatics have maintained pulmonary B-AR activity.

How is adrenaline is controlled

To produce adrenaline hormone and raise the amount of adrenaline in the blood, the neurological system that is related to the adrenal gland must be activated. This mechanism takes place reasonably fast, within 2 to 3 minutes after the stressful situation has passed. The adrenal gland stops producing adrenaline because of the nerve impulses.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone, which is produced by the pituitary gland, which is situated directly under the hypothalamus, is similarly stimulated by stress. The infundibulum, a stalk made of blood vessels and neurosecretory cell fibers, divides the pituitary gland into three lobes. which is median and the last one, both of which are anterior and posterior.

The following hormones are secreted from these lobes and have different functions in the regulation of a human body's various lobes. For example, growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, interstitial cell stimulating hormone, and gonadotropic hormone are just a few of the hormones that are produced by these lobes.

This hormone secretion is necessary for the body, but while everything in the world has been beneficial, it is important to remember that when something is significant, it can also be dangerous for us. Because of this, human hormones can secrete too little or too much, which can lead to disease and prevent the body from functioning properly both physically and mentally.

What happen I have too much adrenaline?

Since we are all aware that everything has benefits as well as drawbacks, let's move on to my topic and specifically to my point that excessive secretion of the hormone adrenaline is very harmful to our bodies and may increase the risk of a person's demise, or, to put it another way, a person's illness. However, there are several types of therapy accessible in hospitals nowadays and the sickness is treated with medicines.

Adrenaline over secretion is a relatively common occurrence. Most of us are aware with the many types of symptoms that might manifest when someone is unwell since the majority of people occasionally find themselves in stressful situations. This is a typical reaction to a stressful circumstance. until the immediate tension is passed. The symptoms immediately go away and the excessive adrenaline secretion ends. Some obese individuals with untreated obstructive sleep apnea experience brief disruptions in their regular breathing. As they fight to breathe at night, they may be exposed to high levels of noradrenaline and adrenaline. It contributes to the development of high blood pressure in certain individuals.

Very infrequently, an adrenal tumor termed a paraganglioma or pheochrocytoma may be the source of excessive adrenaline production. These cancers may also run-in families. The signs of excessive adrenaline occur sporadically, although occasionally they might be hardly perceptible.

What happens if I have too little adrenaline secretion?

Answer: Even if you have lost both of your adrenal glands due to disease or surgery, having too little adrenaline in your system is extremely uncommon. Since the neurological system produces 90% of the body's noradrenaline, the loss of 10% from the adrenal glands is not substantial.

Because of this, adrenaline shortage seldom manifests as a medical condition, except for extremely uncommon and severe inherited catecholamine enzyme deficits.

what are common types of adrenal disorder?

There are many and more or a different condition related to your adrenal gland. Some of the most common involves which are following.

• Addison’s disease

• Cushing syndrome

• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

• hyperaldosteronism

• adrenocortical carcinoma

• pituitary tumors

Collectively summary about above given disease

Adrenal insufficiency is another name for Addison disease. The body cannot create enough cortisol or aldosterone in certain conditions. A body with Cushing's syndrome has a high amount of cortisol. the inherited condition This phrase describes a hereditary disease in which the adrenal glands are unable to adequately produce or produce cortisol. A person with hyperaldosteronism creates too much aldosterone in their body, which can increase blood pressure and cause potassium loss. Pituitary tumors also have an abnormal development on the pituitary gland, which can result in an ACTH-producing tumors in the adrenal gland and lead to Cushing's disease.