Heisenberg uncertainty principle
is also called as uncertainty principle or the indeterminacy principle. Werner Heisenberg
was a German physicist he presented his hypothesis in 1927. According to his
theory he said that the position and the velocity of the object cannot be
measured accurately at the same time. According to him this is also applicable
for the subatomic level such as for electron, protons, and neutrons that we
cannot measure the position of these subatomic particles and the velocity at
the same time. We can either find the position or the exact speed at a certain
fixed time.
When we observe in our daily
life, for example we can calculate the velocity of a truck or a bus and the
position. The uncertainty is too small that we cannot observe. The full rule
states that the product of position and velocity uncertainties must be equal to
or larger than a small physical amount, or constant (h/(4π), where h is Planck's
constant, or approximately 6.6 ×1034
joule-second). the product becomes significant for atoms and subatomic
particles with extremely small masses.
This finding originates from the
close connection in nature between particles and waves in the world of
subatomic dimensions and has nothing to do with shortcomings in the measurement
devices, procedure, or viewer. Due to the dual nature of the light the
uncertainty principle arises. As from the duality of the light we know that
every particle has a wave property with it and every wave exhibits the property
of a particle as well.
FORMULA, EQUATION AND APPLICATION
If, Δx is the error in position measurement and Δp denotes the error in
momentum measurement, then
ΔX×Δp ≥ h/4π
Because momentum is equal to mv, Heisenberg's
uncertainty principal formula may be expressed as-
ΔX×Δmv ≥ h/4π
where, we assume mass to be constant, and Δv to be the uncertainty in
the measurement of the velocity.
ΔX×Δv ≥h/4πm
When a quantity's location or momentum is accurately
measured, it immediately suggests a higher level of uncertainty (error) in the
measurement of the other quantity.
ΔX×Δv≥6.626×10-34 / 4×3.14×9.11×10-31
= 10-4 m2 s-1
If the electron's location is properly recorded to its
size (10-10m), the velocity measurement error will be equivalent to or greater
than 106m or 1000km.
The Heisenberg principle only applies to dual-natured
tiny particles, not to a macroscopic particle with a very small wave nature.
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